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<div class="subTitle">edu.rit.util</div>
<h2 title="Class Random" class="title">Class Random</h2>
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<li>edu.rit.util.Random</li>
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<dt>All Implemented Interfaces:</dt>
<dd><a href="../../../edu/rit/io/Streamable.html" title="interface in edu.rit.io">Streamable</a></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<br>
<pre>public class <span class="strong">Random</span>
extends <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a>
implements <a href="../../../edu/rit/io/Streamable.html" title="interface in edu.rit.io">Streamable</a></pre>
<div class="block">Class Random provides a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for use
in parallel programming.
<P>
Class Random generates random numbers by hashing successive counter
values. The seed initializes the counter. The hash function is defined in W.
Press et al., <I>Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, Third
Edition</I> (Cambridge University Press, 2007), page 352. The hash function
applied to the counter value <I>i</I> is:
<P>
<I>x</I> := 3935559000370003845 * <I>i</I> + 2691343689449507681 (mod 2<SUP>64</SUP>)
<BR><I>x</I> := <I>x</I> xor (<I>x</I> right-shift 21)
<BR><I>x</I> := <I>x</I> xor (<I>x</I> left-shift 37)
<BR><I>x</I> := <I>x</I> xor (<I>x</I> right-shift 4)
<BR><I>x</I> := 4768777513237032717 * <I>x</I> (mod 2<SUP>64</SUP>)
<BR><I>x</I> := <I>x</I> xor (<I>x</I> left-shift 20)
<BR><I>x</I> := <I>x</I> xor (<I>x</I> right-shift 41)
<BR><I>x</I> := <I>x</I> xor (<I>x</I> left-shift 5)
<BR>Return <I>x</I>
<P>
(The shift and arithmetic operations are all performed on unsigned 64-bit
numbers.)
<P>
In addition to the usual methods for generating random numbers of various
types, class Random provides efficient <I>skip</I> operations. The <a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#skip(long)"><code>skip()</code></a> method skips the PRNG ahead a certain amount without
actually generating the skipped-over random numbers. The <a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#skipTo(long)"><code>skipTo()</code></a> method puts the PRNG back to its most recently seeded state, then
skips the PRNG ahead a certain amount.
<P>
An instance of class Random can be serialized; for example, to checkpoint the
state of the PRNG into a file and restore its state later.</div>
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<h3>Constructor Summary</h3>
<table class="overviewSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Constructor Summary table, listing constructors, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Constructors</span><span class="tabEnd">&nbsp;</span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colOne" scope="col">Constructor and Description</th>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colOne"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#Random(long)">Random</a></strong>(long&nbsp;seed)</code>
<div class="block">Construct a new PRNG with the given seed.</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<h3>Method Summary</h3>
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<caption><span>Methods</span><span class="tabEnd">&nbsp;</span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Method and Description</th>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/math/BigInteger.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.math">BigInteger</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextBigInteger(int)">nextBigInteger</a></strong>(int&nbsp;n)</code>
<div class="block">Return a big integer value from the next pseudorandom values in this
PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>boolean</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextBoolean()">nextBoolean</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a Boolean value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>byte</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextByte()">nextByte</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a byte value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>char</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextCharacter()">nextCharacter</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a character value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>double</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextDouble()">nextDouble</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a double precision floating point value from the next
pseudorandom value in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>float</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextFloat()">nextFloat</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a single precision floating point value from the next
pseudorandom value in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>int</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextInt(int)">nextInt</a></strong>(int&nbsp;n)</code>
<div class="block">Return an integer value in the given range from the next pseudorandom
value in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>int</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextInteger()">nextInteger</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return an integer value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>long</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextLong()">nextLong</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a long value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>short</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextShort()">nextShort</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return a short value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>int</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextUnsignedByte()">nextUnsignedByte</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return an unsigned byte value from the next pseudorandom value in this
PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>int</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#nextUnsignedShort()">nextUnsignedShort</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Return an unsigned short value from the next pseudorandom value in this
PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#readIn(edu.rit.io.InStream)">readIn</a></strong>(<a href="../../../edu/rit/io/InStream.html" title="class in edu.rit.io">InStream</a>&nbsp;in)</code>
<div class="block">Read this object's fields from the given in stream.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#setSeed(long)">setSeed</a></strong>(long&nbsp;seed)</code>
<div class="block">Set this PRNG's seed.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#skip()">skip</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Skip one position ahead in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#skip(long)">skip</a></strong>(long&nbsp;skip)</code>
<div class="block">Skip the given number of positions ahead in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#skipTo(long)">skipTo</a></strong>(long&nbsp;skip)</code>
<div class="block">Skip to the given position in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../edu/rit/util/Random.html#writeOut(edu.rit.io.OutStream)">writeOut</a></strong>(<a href="../../../edu/rit/io/OutStream.html" title="class in edu.rit.io">OutStream</a>&nbsp;out)</code>
<div class="block">Write this object's fields to the given out stream.</div>
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<h3>Methods inherited from class&nbsp;java.lang.<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a></h3>
<code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#clone()" title="class or interface in java.lang">clone</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#equals(java.lang.Object)" title="class or interface in java.lang">equals</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#finalize()" title="class or interface in java.lang">finalize</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#getClass()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getClass</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#hashCode()" title="class or interface in java.lang">hashCode</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notify()" title="class or interface in java.lang">notify</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notifyAll()" title="class or interface in java.lang">notifyAll</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#toString()" title="class or interface in java.lang">toString</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait()" title="class or interface in java.lang">wait</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long)" title="class or interface in java.lang">wait</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long, int)" title="class or interface in java.lang">wait</a></code></li>
</ul>
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<h4>Random</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;Random(long&nbsp;seed)</pre>
<div class="block">Construct a new PRNG with the given seed. Any seed value is allowed.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>seed</code> - Seed.</dd></dl>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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<h3>Method Detail</h3>
<a name="setSeed(long)">
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<h4>setSeed</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;void&nbsp;setSeed(long&nbsp;seed)</pre>
<div class="block">Set this PRNG's seed. Any seed value is allowed.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>seed</code> - Seed.</dd></dl>
</li>
</ul>
<a name="skip()">
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<h4>skip</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;void&nbsp;skip()</pre>
<div class="block">Skip one position ahead in this PRNG's sequence.</div>
</li>
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<a name="skip(long)">
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<h4>skip</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;void&nbsp;skip(long&nbsp;skip)</pre>
<div class="block">Skip the given number of positions ahead in this PRNG's sequence. If
<TT>skip</TT> &lt; 0, the <TT>skip()</TT> method does nothing.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>skip</code> - Number of positions to skip.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="skipTo(long)">
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<h4>skipTo</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;void&nbsp;skipTo(long&nbsp;skip)</pre>
<div class="block">Skip to the given position in this PRNG's sequence. If <TT>skip</TT> &lt;
0, the <TT>skipTo()</TT> method does nothing.
<P>
The <TT>skipTo()</TT> method, in effect, puts this PRNG back to its most
recently seeded state, then skips this PRNG ahead by <TT>skip</TT>
positions.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>skip</code> - Position to which to skip.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="nextBoolean()">
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<h4>nextBoolean</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;boolean&nbsp;nextBoolean()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a Boolean value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence. With a probability of 0.5 <TT>true</TT> is returned, with a
probability of 0.5 <TT>false</TT> is returned.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Boolean value.</dd></dl>
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<a name="nextByte()">
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<h4>nextByte</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;byte&nbsp;nextByte()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a byte value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence. Each value in the range &minus;128 through 127 is returned with
a probability of 1/2<SUP>8</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Byte value in the range &minus;128 through 127 inclusive.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="nextUnsignedByte()">
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<h4>nextUnsignedByte</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;int&nbsp;nextUnsignedByte()</pre>
<div class="block">Return an unsigned byte value from the next pseudorandom value in this
PRNG's sequence. Each value in the range 0 through 255 is returned with a
probability of 1/2<SUP>8</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Unsigned byte value (as an <TT>int</TT>) in the range 0 through
255 inclusive.</dd></dl>
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<a name="nextCharacter()">
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<h4>nextCharacter</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;char&nbsp;nextCharacter()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a character value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence. Each value in the range <TT>'&#92;u0000'</TT> through
<TT>'&#92;uFFFF'</TT> is returned with a probability of 1/2<SUP>16</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Character value in the range <TT>'&#92;u0000'</TT> through
<TT>'&#92;uFFFF'</TT> inclusive.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="nextShort()">
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<h4>nextShort</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;short&nbsp;nextShort()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a short value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence. Each value in the range &minus;32768 through 32767 is returned
with a probability of 1/2<SUP>16</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Short value in the range &minus;32768 through 32767 inclusive.</dd></dl>
</li>
</ul>
<a name="nextUnsignedShort()">
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<h4>nextUnsignedShort</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;int&nbsp;nextUnsignedShort()</pre>
<div class="block">Return an unsigned short value from the next pseudorandom value in this
PRNG's sequence. Each value in the range 0 through 65535 is returned with
a probability of 1/2<SUP>16</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Unsigned short value (as an <TT>int</TT>) in the range 0 through
65535 inclusive.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="nextInteger()">
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<h4>nextInteger</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;int&nbsp;nextInteger()</pre>
<div class="block">Return an integer value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence. Each value in the range &minus;2147483648 through 2147483647 is
returned with a probability of 1/2<SUP>32</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Integer value in the range &minus;2147483648 through 2147483647
inclusive.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="nextInt(int)">
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<h4>nextInt</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;int&nbsp;nextInt(int&nbsp;n)</pre>
<div class="block">Return an integer value in the given range from the next pseudorandom
value in this PRNG's sequence. Each value in the range 0 through
<I>N</I>&minus;1 is returned with a probability of 1/<I>N</I>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>n</code> - Range of values to return.</dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Integer value in the range 0 through <I>N</I>&minus;1 inclusive.</dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Throws:</span></dt>
<dd><code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">IllegalArgumentException</a></code> - (unchecked exception) Thrown if <I>N</I> &le; 0.</dd></dl>
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<a name="nextLong()">
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<h4>nextLong</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;long&nbsp;nextLong()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a long value from the next pseudorandom value in this PRNG's
sequence. Each value in the range &minus;9223372036854775808 through
9223372036854775807 is returned with a probability of 1/2<SUP>64</SUP>.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Long value in the range &minus;9223372036854775808 through
9223372036854775807 inclusive.</dd></dl>
</li>
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<a name="nextFloat()">
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<h4>nextFloat</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;float&nbsp;nextFloat()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a single precision floating point value from the next
pseudorandom value in this PRNG's sequence. The returned numbers have a
uniform distribution in the range 0.0 (inclusive) to 1.0 (exclusive).</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Float value.</dd></dl>
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<h4>nextDouble</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;double&nbsp;nextDouble()</pre>
<div class="block">Return a double precision floating point value from the next
pseudorandom value in this PRNG's sequence. The returned numbers have a
uniform distribution in the range 0.0 (inclusive) to 1.0 (exclusive).</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Double value.</dd></dl>
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<h4>nextBigInteger</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/math/BigInteger.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.math">BigInteger</a>&nbsp;nextBigInteger(int&nbsp;n)</pre>
<div class="block">Return a big integer value from the next pseudorandom values in this
PRNG's sequence. The returned numbers have a uniform distribution in the
range 0 (inclusive) through 2<SUP><I>n</I></SUP>&minus;1 (inclusive).</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>n</code> - Bit size of big integer.</dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Returns:</span></dt><dd>Big integer.</dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Throws:</span></dt>
<dd><code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">IllegalArgumentException</a></code> - (unchecked exception) Thrown if <I>n</I> &lt; 0.</dd></dl>
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<h4>writeOut</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;void&nbsp;writeOut(<a href="../../../edu/rit/io/OutStream.html" title="class in edu.rit.io">OutStream</a>&nbsp;out)
throws <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/io/IOException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.io">IOException</a></pre>
<div class="block">Write this object's fields to the given out stream.</div>
<dl>
<dt><strong>Specified by:</strong></dt>
<dd><code><a href="../../../edu/rit/io/Streamable.html#writeOut(edu.rit.io.OutStream)">writeOut</a></code>&nbsp;in interface&nbsp;<code><a href="../../../edu/rit/io/Streamable.html" title="interface in edu.rit.io">Streamable</a></code></dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>out</code> - Out stream.</dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Throws:</span></dt>
<dd><code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/io/IOException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.io">IOException</a></code> - Thrown if an I/O error occurred.</dd></dl>
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<h4>readIn</h4>
<pre>public&nbsp;void&nbsp;readIn(<a href="../../../edu/rit/io/InStream.html" title="class in edu.rit.io">InStream</a>&nbsp;in)
throws <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/io/IOException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.io">IOException</a></pre>
<div class="block">Read this object's fields from the given in stream.</div>
<dl>
<dt><strong>Specified by:</strong></dt>
<dd><code><a href="../../../edu/rit/io/Streamable.html#readIn(edu.rit.io.InStream)">readIn</a></code>&nbsp;in interface&nbsp;<code><a href="../../../edu/rit/io/Streamable.html" title="interface in edu.rit.io">Streamable</a></code></dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Parameters:</span></dt><dd><code>in</code> - In stream.</dd>
<dt><span class="strong">Throws:</span></dt>
<dd><code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/io/IOException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.io">IOException</a></code> - Thrown if an I/O error occurred.</dd></dl>
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